Phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Saponaria officinalis L.: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb13110809Keywords:
anticancer; saponaria; saponin; saporin; triterpenoid saponinsAbstract
Saponaria officinalis is an important medicinal plant cultivated in different parts of the globe for its beautiful flowers. Species is commonly known as soapwort. Central Europe is considered as native place for the species and has been introduced in Northern Asia, West Asia, Northern Europe and America. Plant of the species are perennial, stem erect, branched, leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, inflorescence dense cymes, calyx green or reddish, often cleft, petals pink to white, fruit capsules, seeds tuberculate-reniform and numerous per fruit. Indigenous people of different parts of the world use this species to cure various ailments. Traditionally roots of the species have been used as urine remover. It is also used for cough, bronchitis, stomach disorders, bone deformations, rheumatism, pimples, skin diseases, bile disorders, liver problems and respiratory system diseases. The leaves were rubbed on the skin as a repellent and also used as sanitizer, diuretic and in liver diseases. Saporins are ribosome inhibitory proteins and play important role for anticancer properties. Different types of saponins are synthesized by the species exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial, insecticidal and antioxidant properties. The present review is focused on the traditional medicinal uses of species along with phytochemical and pharmacological studies. This review will provide a ground for future research of the species.
Metrics
References
Abdel-Rahman MK, Abd El-Megeid AA (2006). Hepatoprotective effect of soapworts (Saponaria officinalis), pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L) and cloves (Syzygium aromaticum linn) on mice with CCl4 hepatic intoxication. World Journal of Chemistry 1(1):41-46.
Agelet A, Bonet MÀ, Vallés J (2000). Home gardens and their role as a main source of medicinal plants in mountain regions of Catalonia (Iberian Peninsula). Economic Botany 54(3):295-309. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02864783
Arora D, Sharma A (2012). Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies of Stellaria media Linn. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 4(5):1819.
Ayala A. Munoz MF, Arguelles S (2014). Lipid peroxidation: Production, metabolism and signalling mechanism of Malondialdehyde and 4-hydrosy2-nonenal. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438
Ballero M, Poli F, Sacchetti G, Loi MC (2001). Ethnobotanical research in the territory of Fluminimaggiore (south-western Sardinia). Fitoterapia 72(7):788-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(01)00334-3
Bergamaschi G, Perfetti V, Tonon L, Novella A, Lucotti C, Danova M, … Cazzola M (1996). Saporin, a ribosome-inactivating protein used to prepare immunotoxins, induces cell death via apoptosis. British Journal of Haematology 93:789-794. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1730.x
Bittrich V (1993). Introduction to Centrospermae. In: Kubitzki K, Rohwer JG, Bittrich V (Eds). The families and genera of vascular plants. Volume 2, Magnoliid, Hamamelid, and Caryophyllid families. Germany, Springer Science pp 206-236.
Bolognesi A, Tazzari PL, Olivieri F, Polito L, Falini B, Stirpe F (1996). Induction of apoptosis by ribosome-inactivating proteins and related immunotoxins. International Journal of Cancer 68:349-355. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)
Bottger S, Melzig MF (2011). Triterpenoid saponins of the Caryophyllaceae and Illecebraceae family. Phytochemistry Letters 4:59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2010.08.003
Chandra S, Rawat D, Chandra D, Rastogi J (2016). Nativity, phytochemistry, ethnobotany and pharmacology of Dianthus caryophyllus. Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 10(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2016.1.9
Chandra S, Rawat DS (2015). Medicinal plants of the family Caryophyllaceae: a review of ethno-medicinal uses and pharmacological properties. Integrative Medicine Research 4(3):123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2015.06.004
Cimini A, Mei S, Benedetti E, Laurenti G, Koutris I, Cinque B, … Di Leandro L (2012). Distinct cellular responses induced by saporin and a transferrin-saporin conjugate in two different human glioblastoma cell lines. Journal of Cellular Physiology 227:939-951. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.22805
Davis SL, Dudle DA, Nawrocki JR, Freestone LM, Konieczny P, Tobin MB, Britton MM (2014). Sexual dimorphism of staminate- and pistillate-phase flowers of Saponaria officinalis (Bouncing Bet) affects pollinator behavior and seed set. PLoS One 9(4):e93615. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093615
Deger Y, Dede S, Belge A, Mert N, Kahraman T, Alkan M (2003). Effect of X-rays radiation on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in rabbits treated with antioxidant compound. Biological Trace Element Research 94:149-156. https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:94:2:149
Di Cola A, Di Domenico C, Poma A, Spano L (1997). Saporin production from in vitro cultures of the soapwort Saponaria officinalis L. Plant Cell Reports 17(1):55-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002990050351
El Aziz MMA, Ashour AS, Melad ASG (2019). A review on saponins from medicinal plants: chemistry, isolation, and determination. Nanomedicine Research Journal 7(4):282-288. https://doi.org/10.15406/jnmr.2019.07.00199
Ferreras J, Barbieri L, Girbés T, Battelli M G, Rojo M A, Arias F J, Stirpe F (1993). Distribution and properties of major ribosome-inactivating proteins (28 S rRNA N-glycosidases) of the plant Saponaria officinalis L. (Caryophyllaceae). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression 1216(1):31-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4781(93)90034-B
Gilabert-Oriol R, Thakur M, Haussmann K, Niesler N, Bhargava C, Görick C, Weng A (2016). Saponins from Saponaria officinalis L. augment the efficacy of a rituximab-immunotoxin. Planta Medica 82(18):1525-1531. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-110495
Girbés T, Ferreras JM, Arias FJ, Stirpe F (2004). Description, distribution, activity and phylogenetic relationship of ribosome-inactivating proteins in plants, fungi and bacteria. Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 4(5):461-476. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389557043403891
Greenberg AK, Donoghue MJ (2011). Molecular systematics and character evolution in Caryophyllaceae. Taxon 60(6):1637-1652.
Guarrera PM (1999). Traditional antihelmintic, antiparasitic and repellent uses of plants in Central Italy. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology 68(1-3):183-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00089-6
Hanlidou E, Karousou R, Kleftoyanni V, Kokkini S (2004). The herbal market of Thessaloniki (N Greece) and its relation to the ethnobotanical tradition. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91(2-3):281-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.007
Ho MC, Sturm MB, Almo SC, Schramm VL (2009). Transition state analogues in structures of ricin and saporin ribosome-inactivating proteins. PNAS 106(48):20276-20281. https://doi.org/10.1073_pnas.0911606106
Jabbari SG, Davis SL, Carter EJ (2012). Interaction between floral color change and gender transition in the protandrous weed Saponaria officinalis. Plant Species Biology https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00352.x
Jia Z, Koike K, Nikaido T (1998). Major triterpenoid saponins from Saponaria officinalis. Journal of Natural Products 61:1368-1373. https://doi.org/10.1021/np980167u
Jia Z, Koike K, Nikaido T (1999). Saponarioside C, the first r-D-galactose containing triterpenoid saponin, and five related compounds from Saponaria officinalis. Journal of Natural Products 62:449-453. https://doi.org/10.1021/np980434w
Jurek I, Góral I, Mierzyńska Z, Moniuszko-Szajwaj B, Wojciechowski K (2019). Effect of synthetic surfactants and soapwort (Saponaria officinalis L.) extract on skin-mimetic model lipid monolayers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes 1861(3):556-564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.12.005
Jurgens A, Witt T, Gottsberger G (2003). Flower scent composition in Dianthus and Saponaria species (Caryophyllaceae) and its relevance for pollination biology and taxonomy. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 31:345-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00173-4
Karaman S, Kocabas YZ (2001). Traditional medicinal plants of K. Maras (Turkey). The Sciences 1:125-128. https://doi.org/10.3923/jms.2001.125.128
Koike K, Jia Z, Nikaido T (1999). New triterpenoid saponins and sapogenins from Saponaria officinalis. Journal of Natural Products 62:1655-1659. https://doi.org/10.1021/np990311r
Korkmaz M, Özçelik H (2011). Economic importance of Gypsophila L., Ankyropetalum Fenzl and Saponaria L. (Caryophyllaceae) taxa of Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(47):9533-9541. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.2500
Kucukkurt I, Ince S, Enginar H, Eryavuz A, Fidan AF, Kargioglu M (2011) Protective effects of Agrostemma githago L. and Saponaria officinalis L. extracts against ionizing radiation-induced oxidative damage in rats. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 162 (6):289-296.
Loi MC, Poli F, Sacchetti G, Selenu MB, Ballero M (2004). Ethnopharmacology of Ogliastra (Villagrande strisaili, Sardinia, Italy). Fitoterapia 75(3-4):277-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2004.01.008
Lombardi A, Marshall RS, Fabbrini MS, Ceriotti A (2010). Type I ribosome-inactivating proteins from Saponaria officinalis. In: Lord JM, Hartley MR (Eds). Toxic Plant Proteins, Plant Cell Monographs 18. Springer-Verlag Berlin pp 55-78.
Lu Y, Van D, Deibert L, Bishop G, Balsevich J (2015). Antiproliferative quillaic acid and gypsogenin saponins from Saponaria officinalis L. roots. Phytochemistry 113:108-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.11.021
Mamadalieva NZ, Lafont R, Wink M (2014). Diversity of secondary metabolites in the genus Silene L. (Caryophyllaceae)-structures, distribution, and biological properties. Diversity 6(3):415-499.
Man S, Gao W, Zhang Y, Huang L, Liu C (2010). Chemical study and medical application of saponins as anti-cancer agents. Fitoterapia 7:703-714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.004
Medeiros MFT, de Albuquerque UP (2012). The pharmacy of the Benedictine monks: The use of medicinal plants in Northeast Brazil during the nineteenth century (1823-1829). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 139(1):280-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.014
Merzouki A, Ed-Derfoufi F, Mesa JM (2000). Contribution to the knowledge of Rifian traditional medicine. II: Folk medicine in Ksar Lakbir district (NW Morocco). Fitoterapia 71(3):278-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(00)00139-8
Moniuszko-Szajwaj B, Pecio Ł, Kowalczyk M, Simonet AM, Macias FA, Szumacher-Strabel M, Stochmal A (2013) New triterpenoid saponins from the roots of Saponaria officinalis. Natural Product Communications 8(12).
Nabinejad A (2013). Antibacterial effects of Saponaria officinalis extracts against avail pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). African Journal of Agriculture Research 8(8):2068-2071. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR11.1390
Novella R, Di Novella N, De Martino L, Mancini E, De Feo V (2013). Traditional plant use in the national park of Cilento and Vallo Di Diano, Campania, Southern, Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 145(1):328-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.065
Pavela R (2017). Extract from the roots of Saponaria officinalis as a potential acaricide against Tetranychus urticae. Journal of Pest Science 90(2):683-692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-016-0828-6
Pavela R, Murugan K, Canale A, Benelli G (2017). Saponaria officinalis-synthesized silver nanocrystals as effective biopesticides and oviposition inhibitors against Tetranychus urticae Koch. Industrial Crops and Products 97:338-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.046
Petrović GM, Ilić MD, Stankov-Jovanović VP, Stojanović GS, Jovanović SČ (2017). Phytochemical analysis of Saponaria officinalis L. shoots and flowers essential oils. Natural Product Research 32(3):331-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1350668
Polito L, Bortolotti M, Farini V, Battelli MG, Barbieri L, Bolognesi A (2009). Saporin induces multiple death pathways in lymphoma cells with different intensity and timing as compared to ricin. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 41:1055-1061.
Polito L, Bortolotti M, Mercatelli D, Battelli MG, Bolognesi A (2013). Saporin-S6: A useful tool in cancer therapy. Toxins 5:1698-1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5101698
POWO (2019a). Plants of the world online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020 March 25 from http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/
POWO (2019b). Plants of the world online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020 December 25 from http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:156627-1#sources
Rahimi S, Kim J, Mijakovic I, Jung K, Choi G, Kim SC, Kim YJ (2019). Triterpenoid-biosynthetic UDP-glycosyltransferases from plants. Biotechnology Advances https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.016
Sadowska B, Budzynska A, Wie M, Szakiel C, Paszkiewicz M, Stochmal A, … Rozalska B (2014). New pharmacological properties of Medicago sativa and Saponaria officinalis saponin-rich fractions addressed to Candida albicans. Journal of Medical Microbiology 63:1076-1086. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.075291-0
Said O, Khalil K, Fulder S, Azaizeh H (2002). Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Israel, the Golan Heights and the West Bank region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 83(3):251-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00253-2
Savino C, Federici L, Ippoliti R, Lendaro E, Tsernoglou D (2000). The crystal structure of saporin SO6 from Saponaria officinalis and its interaction with the ribosome. FEBS Letters 470(3):239-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01325-9
Sengul M, Ercisli S, Yildiz H, Gungo N, Kavaz A, Cetin B (2011). Antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and total phenolic content within the aerial parts of Artemisia absinthum, Artemisia santonicum and Saponaria officinalis. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 10(1):49-56.
Shan-Huah W, Sun HT, Teng YC, Rejmánek M, Chaw SM, Yang TYA, Hsieh CF (2010). Patterns of plant invasions in China: taxonomic, biogeographic, climatic approaches and anthropogenic effects. Biological Invasions 12(7):2179-2206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-009-9620-3
Sikriwal D, Ghosh P, Batra JK (2008). Ribosome inactivating protein saporin induces apoptosis through mitochondrial cascade, independent of translation inhibition. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 40:2880-2888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.004
Smułek W, Zdarta A, Pacholak A, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Marczak Ł, Jarzębski M, Kaczorek E (2017). Saponaria officinalis L. extract: Surface active properties and impact on environmental bacterial strains. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 150:209-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.035
Sparg SG, ME Light, van Staden J (2004). Biological activities and distribution of plant saponins. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94:219-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.05.016
Stearn WT (1983). Botanical Latin. David & Charles, London pp 566.
Stirpe F (2004). Ribosome-inactivating proteins. Toxicon 44:371-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.004
Stirpe F (2013). Ribosome-inactivating proteins: from toxins to useful proteins. Toxicon 67:12-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.02.005
Ugulu I, Baslar S, Yorek N, Dogan Y (2009). The investigation and quantitative ethnobotanical evaluation of medicinal plants used around Izmir province, Turkey. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 3(5):345-367.
Vincken JP, Heng L, Groot A de, Gruppen H (2007) Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. Phytochemistry 68:275-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.10.008
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Papers published in Notulae Scientia Biologicae are Open-Access, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
© Articles by the authors; licensee SMTCT, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright/to retain publishing rights without restriction.
License:
Open Access Journal - the journal offers free, immediate, and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed research and scholarly work, due SMTCT supports to increase the visibility, accessibility and reputation of the researchers, regardless of geography and their budgets. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.