Flow cytometry and chromosome numbers variation in argan tree Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55779/nsb15111451Keywords:
Argane tree, chromosome number, cytogenetic, flow cytometry, genetic diversityAbstract
Argania spinosa L. Skeels is an endemic species of west-central Morocco, which is characterized by a high diversity of morphological and genetic traits. It constitutes a natural resource for oleo-agro-sylvo-pastoral uses. All conservation and genetic breeding strategies aimed to domesticate argan require a good knowledge of the plant material. However, several studies focused on agronomical, morphological, phytochemical, and molecular characterization, while the cytogenetic aspects were less investigated. The objective of this work is to identify the chromosome number and ploidy level on the national argan collection at the Agadir Regional Agronomic Research Center, Morocco. The determination of the chromosome number was carried out on root tips of germinated seeds collected from five trees genotypes selected on various morphological aspects. As a result, chromosome count on active root tip cells showed variation in the number (2n = 20; 2n = 22; 2n = 24) with a stable ploidy level (2n = 2x) that is confirmed by flow cytometry. These results combine two previous findings (2n=20, 2n=24) and reveal a third existence of twenty-two chromosome. As a conclusion, A. spinosa has three chromosomal numbers which represent the genetic diversity of the chromosomal number that this species exhibits. More studies are required to explain this variation on chromosome numbers for future breeding programs and to avoid incompatibilities.
Metrics
References
Ait Aabd N, El Asbahani A, El Alem Y, El Finti A, Msanda F, El Mousadik A (2013). Variation in oil content and fatty acid composition in preselected argan trees with morphological characters and geographical localization. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 6(3):217-225. https://doi.org/10.3233/s12349-013-0134-2
Ait Aabd N, Msanda F, El Mousadik A (2012). Univariate and multivariate analysis of agronomical traits of preselected argan trees. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 40:308-316. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha4028209
Ait Aabd N, Msanda F, El Mousadik A (2015). Genetic diversity of the endangered argan tree (Argania spinosa L.) (Sapotaceae) revealed by ISSR analysis. Basic Research Journal of Agriculture Science and Review 4:176-186.
Ait Aabd N, Tahiri A, Qessaoui R, Mimouni A, Bouharroud R (2022). Self- and cross-pollination in argane tree and their implications on breeding programs. Cells 11(5):828. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11050828
Ajerrar A, Akroud H, Ait Aabd N, Qessaoui R, Amarraque A, Lahmyd H, … Bouharroud R (2020). Pollination system and effective pollinators of Argania spinosa (L. Skeels). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 19:375-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2020.04.002
Bagheri A, Akhavan Roofigar A, Nemati Z, Blattner F. R (2022). Genome Size and Chromosome Number Evaluation of Astragalus L. sect. Hymenostegis Bunge (Fabaceae). Plants 11(3):435. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030435
Baltisberger M, Widmer A (2006). Chromosome numbers of plant species from the Canary Islands. Botanica Helvetica 116:9-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-006-0739-x
Bellucci M, Roscini C, Mariani A (2003). Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of Medicago sativa L. Journal of Heredity 94:512-516. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esg096
Berrougui H, Ettaib A, Gonzalez MH, De Sotomayor MA, Bennani-kabchi N, Hmamouchi M (2003). Hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolemic effect of argan oil (Argania spinosa L.) in Merionesshawi rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 89:15-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00176-4
Bouqbis L, Daoud S, Koyro HW, Kammann CI, Ainlhout LFZ, Harrouni MC (2016). Biochar from argan shells: production and characterization. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 5(4):361-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-016-0146-2
Camacho JPM, Sharbel T F, Beukeboom L (2000). W. B-chromosome evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 355:163-178. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2000.0556
Carta A, Bedini G, Peruzzi L (2020). A deep dive into the ancestral chromosome number and genome size of flowering plants. New Phytologist 228(3):1097-1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16668
Comai L (2005). The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid. Nature Reviews Genetics 6:836-846. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg1711
De Vicente MC, Lopez C, Fulton T (2004). Genetic diversity analysis with molecular marker data: learning module. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.
Drissi A, Bennani H, Giton F, Charrouf Z, Fiet J, Adlouni A (2006). Tocopherols and saponins derived from Argania spinosa exert, an antiproliferative effect on human prostate cancer. Cancer Investigation 24:588-592. https://doi.org/10.1080/07357900600894815
El Mousadik A, Petit R J (1996). High level of genetic differentiation for allelic richness among populations of the argan tree [Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels] endemic to Morocco. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 92:832-839. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221895
Hoang PT, Schubert V, Meister A, Fuchs J, Schubert I (2019). Variation in genome size, cell and nucleus volume, chromosome number and rDNA loci among duckweeds. Scientific Reports 9(1):3234. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39332-w
Humphries C J, Murray BG, Bocquet G, Vasudevan K (1978). Chromosome numbers of phanerogams from Morocco and Algeria. Botaniska Notiser 131:391-406.
Johnson M (1991). The Genera of Sapotaceae. Cytology. Kew Publishing, Surrey, Gran Bretaña 15-22.
Karmaoui A (2016). Ecosystem Services of the Argan Forest, the Current State and Trends. Advances in Research 1-13. https://doi.org/10.9734/AIR/2016/21353
Kaur M, Singhal VK (2015). Cytomorphological diversity in some members of family Asteraceae from the ecologically disturbed habitats of Solang valley, Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh. Cytologia 80:203-222. https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.80.203
Koufan M, Belkoura I, Mazri MA, Amarraque A, Essatte A, Elhorri H, ... Alaoui T (2020a). Determination of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and fatty acids in essential oils and other extracts from callus culture, seeds and leaves of Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 141:217-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-020-01782-w
Laaribya S, Alaoui A, Gmira N (2017). The Moroccan Forest and sustainable development case of the argan tree Argania spinosa L. Skeels in Morocco. Biyolojik Çeşitlilikve Koruma 10:1-7.
Majourhat K, Jabbar Y, Araneda L, Zeinalabedin M, Hafidi A, Martínez-gómez P (2007). Karyotype characterization of Argania spinosa (L.) Skeel (Sapotaceae). South African Journal of Botany 73:661-663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2007.06.007
Mayrose I, Lysak MA (2021). The evolution of chromosome numbers: mechanistic models and experimental approaches. Genome Biology and Evolution 13(2):evaa220. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa220
M'hirit O, Benzyane M, Benchekroun F, El Yousfu SM, Bendaanoun M (1987). L’arganier, une espece fruitiere, forestiere a usages multiples des zones arides méditerranéens. Saragosse, Espana.
Miège J (1954). Nombres chromosomiques et répartition géographique de quelques plantes tropicales et équatoriales. Revue de Cytologie et de Biologie Végétales 15:312-348.
Mouhaddab J, Msanda F, Filali-Maltouf A, Belkadi B, Ferradouss A, El Modafar C, … El Mousadik A (2017). Using microsatellite markers to map genetic diversity and population structure of an endangered Moroccan endemic tree (Argania spinosa L. Skeels) and development of a core collection. Plant Gene 10:51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2017.05.008
Moukal A (2004). L’arganier, Argania spinosa L.(skeels), usage thérapeutique, cosmétique et alimentaire. Phytothérapie 2:135-141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-004-0041-2
Msanda F, Mayad EH, Furze JN (2021). Floristic biodiversity, biogeographical significance, and importance of Morocco’s Arganeraie Biosphere Reserve. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11936-0
Nerd A, Irijimovich V, Mizrahi Y (1998). Phenology, breeding system and fruit development of Argan [Argania spinosa, Sapotaceae] cultivated in Israel. Economic botany 52:161-167.
Pan YZ, Gao W, Yu AM (2009). MicroRNAs regulate CYP3A4 expression via direct and indirect targeting. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 37:2112-2117. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.109.027680
Seker M, Tuzcu O, Ollitrault P (2003). Comparison of nuclear DNA content of citrus rootstock populations by flow cytometry analysis. Plant Breeding 122:169-172. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00821.x
Severns PM, Liston A (2008). Intraspecific chromosome number variation: a neglected threat to the conservation of rare plants. Conservation Biology 22:1641-1647. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01058.x
Stace CA (2000). Cytology and cytogenetics as a fundamental taxonomic resource for the 20th and 21st centuries. Taxon 49:451-477. https://doi.org/10.2307/1224344
Terlević A, Bogdanović S, Frajman B, Rešetnik I (2022). Genome size variation in Dianthus sylvestris Wulfensensulato (Caryophyllaceae). Plants 11(11):1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111481

Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Ali EL BOUKHARI , Salma TABI, Abdelhamid EL MOUSADIK, Rachida EL BOULLANI, Abdelghani TAHIRI, Meriyem KOUFAN, Hamid BENYAHIA, Rachid BOUHARROUD, Naima AIT AABD

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Papers published in Notulae Scientia Biologicae are Open-Access, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
© Articles by the authors; licensee SMTCT, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright/to retain publishing rights without restriction.
License:
Open Access Journal - the journal offers free, immediate, and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed research and scholarly work, due SMTCT supports to increase the visibility, accessibility and reputation of the researchers, regardless of geography and their budgets. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.