Gut balance booster as a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in swine production: evaluation of the effects on growth and health parameters
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15835/nsb14111115Keywords:
antibiotic growth promoters, gut balance booster, immune performance, production and haematological parameters, swine productionAbstract
The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters (AGPs) in food-producing animals (FPAs) may facilitate the development and spread of antimicrobial-resistance bacteria (ARB), which threatens food safety and public health. Gut balance booster (GBB) improves gut health and growth/weight gain in FPAs without aiding the emergence of ARB. This 10-week study evaluated the effects of graded levels of GBB on growth and health parameters of weanling pigs following standard procedures. Thirty-six Large White X Landrace piglets, aged six weeks, were randomly assigned into four treatment groups (A-D) of nine piglets. Each treatment was replicated thrice with three piglets per replicate. They were fed diets A-D respectively. While diet-A was the control (no GBB), diets B, C and D were supplemented at 1.00 kg/ton, 2.00 kg/ton and 3 kg/ton, respectively. Results showed that daily feed intake and weight gain were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in supplemented groups and group-B had highest final weight gain. The GBB supplementation had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on total lipid profile but low-density-lipoprotein was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in group-B. The supplementation increased packed cell volume, total leucocyte and lymphocyte counts and humoral immune performance. The treatment diets also significantly reduced serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase and Aspartate aminotransferase, suggesting the hepatoprotective effect. Diet-B had more positive effects on production and health parameters assessed, indicating that GBB supplementation at 1.00 kg/ton could safely and effectively replace AGPs in pig production; and hence limits dissemination of ARB and its associated public health problems.
Metrics
References
Abonyi FO, Ogoenyi EE, Eze JI, Machebe NS (2015). Growth performance, haematology and insulin profile of weanling pigs fed graded levels zinc oxide supplemented diet. Indian Journal of Animal Research 49(5):638-644.
Abonyi FO, Arinzechukwu U, Eze D, Eze JI, Machebe NS (2018). Comparative evaluation of growth performance, serum biochemical profile and immunological response of the Nigerian indigenous and large white x landrace crossbred pigs. Nigerian Veterinary Journal 39(1):81-91. https://doi.org/10.4314/nvj.v39i1.10
Abonyi FO, Attama EC, Okoroafor ON, Aronu CJ, Ugwu IC, Eze DC, … Udoumoh AF (2020a). Comparative evaluation of growth performance, gut morphology, micro-flora, haematology and immune response of broilers fed with Sodium butyrate and Saccharomyce scerevisiae supplemented diets. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary and Animal Research 9(2):64-72. https://doi.org/10.15406/jdvar.2020.09.00281
Abonyi FO, Ugwu PC, Amechi CD (2020b). Gut balance booster as a prospective alternative to antibiotic growth promoter in swine diet. Animal Research International 17(1):3620-630.
Ajibo FE, Njoga EO, Azor N, Idika IK, Nwanta JA (2020). Epidemiology of infections with zoonotic pig parasites in Enugu State, Nigeria. Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 20:100397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100397
Anonymous (2020). Serum Albumin (Bromcresol Green Method). Retrieved 2022 January 12 from: https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/38641
AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC, USA.
Aoyama S, Kim HK, Hirooka R, Tanaka M, Shimoda T, Chijiki H, ... Shibata S (2021). Distribution of dietary protein intake in daily meals influences skeletal muscle hypertrophy via the muscle clock. Cell Reports 36(1):109336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109336
Bajagai YS, Alsemgeest J, Moore RJ, Van TT, Stanley D (2020). Phytogenic products, used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, modify the intestinal microbiota derived from a range of production systems: an in vitro model. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104:10631-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10998-x
Bernard SN, Njoga EO, Abonyi FO, Nnadi PA, Ozioko IE, Ugwuoke CU (2021). Epidemiology of gastrointestinal worm infections in pigs reared in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Parasitic Diseases 45(4):912-920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-021-01377-y
Bühler K (2009). Benzoic acid as feed additive in pig nutrition: effects of diet composition on performance, digestion and ecological aspects. Doctoral Dissertation, ETH Zurich. https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005834561
CDC (2020). Laboratory procedure manual for determining serum high, density lipoprotein and total cholesterol concentration. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_03_04/l13_c_met_lipids.pdf.
Chattopadhyay MK (2014). Use of antibiotics as feed additives: a burning question. Frontiers in Microbiology 5:334. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00334
Dacie JV, Lewis SM (1995). Practical Haematology. 8th Ed., Churchill Livingstone Publications, pp 609.
Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM (2011). Creatinine determination according to Jaffe-what does it stand for? Clinical Kidney Journal 4(2):83-86. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndtplus/sfq211
Ezzat Abd El-Hack M, Alagawany M, Ragab Farag M, Tiwari R, Karthik K, Dhama K, ... Adel M (2016). Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review. Journal of Essential Oil Research 28(5):365-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2016.1153002
FAO (2017). The future of food and agriculture – Trends and challenges. Rome. Retrieved 2022 January 24 from https://www.fao.org/3/i6583e/i6583e.pdf
Fraga BN, Lovatto PA, Rorato PRN, Oliveira VD, Rossi CAR, Lehnen CR (2015). Modeling performance and nutritional requirements of pigs lots during growth and finishing. Ciência Rural 45(10):1841-847. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20141389
Gounden V, Bhatt H, Jialal I (2021). Renal function tests. Retrieved 2022 January 12 from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/
Hao H, Cheng G, Iqbal Z, Ai X, Hussain HI, Huang L, ... Yuan Z (2014). Benefits and risks of antimicrobial use in food-producing animals. Frontiers in Microbiology 5:288. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00288
Hassan HMA, Samy A, Youssef AW, Mohamed MA (2018). Using different feed additives as alternative to antibiotic growth promoter to improve growth performance and carcass traits of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science 17:255-261. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2018.255.261
Henok JN, Okeleye BI, Omodanisi EI, Ntwampe SKO, Aboua YG (2020). Analysis of reference ranges of total serum protein in namibia: clinical implications. Proteomes 8(2):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes8020007
INTRACO (2021). Gut Balance Booster. Available at: https://intraco.be/en/product/gut-balance-booster
Isaac LJ, Abah G, Alepan B, Ekaette IU (2013). Haematological proportions of different basis and sexes of rabbits. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria, pp 24-27.
Kahn CM, Line S (2010). Serum biochemical reference ranges. In: Kahn CM, Line S (Eds). The Merck Veterinary Manual. 10th Ed., Merck and Co. Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA, pp 2826-2827.
Kapoor R, Chakraborty M, Singh N (2015). A Leap above Friedewald formula for calculation of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Journal of Laboratory Physicians 7(1):11-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.154780
Kawano M, Hokazono E, Osawa S, Sato S, Tateishi T, Manabe M, ... Kayamori Y (2019). A novel assay for triglycerides using glycerol dehydrogenase and a water-soluble formazan dye, WST-8. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 56(4):442-449. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563219830715
Kiczorowska B, Al-Yasiry ARM, Samolińska W, Marek A, Pyzik E (2016). The effect of dietary supplementation of the broiler chicken diet with Boswellia serrata resin on growth performance, digestibility, and gastrointestinal characteristics, morphology, and microbiota. Livestock Science 191:117-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.07.019
Ladokun AO, Yakubu A, Otite JR, Omeje JN, Sokunbi OA, Onyeji E (2008). Haematological and serum biochemical indices of necked neck and normally feathered Nigerian indigenous chickens in a sub humid tropical environment. International Journal of Poultry Science 7(1):55-58. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2008.55.58
Leeson S, Summers JD (2001). Nutrition of the chicken. 4th Ed. Guelph. University Books, Ontario, Canada, pp 24-26.
Li-Hua L, Ewelina PD, Ying-Chen H, Hsin-Bai Z, Cheng-Chih H (2019). Analytical methods for cholesterol quantification. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 27(2):375-386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.001
Lillehoj H, Liu Y, Calsamiglia S, Fernandez-Miyakawa ME, Chi F, Cravens RL, ... Gay CG (2018). Phytochemicals as antibiotic alternatives to promote growth and enhance host health. Veterinary Research 49:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0562-6
Maghsoudi A, Vaziri E, Feizabadi M, Mehri M (2020). Fifty years of sheep red blood cells to monitor humoral immunity in poultry: a scientometric evaluation. Poultry Science 99(10):4758-4768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.058
Mahdavi R, Torki M (2009). Study on usage period of dietary protected butyric acid on performance, carcass characteristics, serum metabolite levels and humoral immune response of broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 8:1702-1709.
Markowiak P, Śliżewska K (2018). The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition. Gut Pathogens 10(21):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-018-0250-0
Maron DF, Smith TJ, Nachman KE (2013). Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: an international regulatory and economic survey. Global Health 9:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-9-48
Mirmiran P, Gaeini Z, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F (2019). Elevated serum levels of aminotransferases in relation to unhealthy foods intake: Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMC Endocrine Disorder 19:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0437-5
Njoga EO, Onunkwo JI, Okoli CE, Ugwuoke WI, Nwanta JA, Chah KF (2018). Assessment of antimicrobial drug administration and antimicrobial residues in food animals in Enugu State, Nigeria. Tropical Animal Health and Production 50(4):897-902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1515-9
Njoga EO, Ogugua AJ, Nwankwo IO, Awoyomi OJ, Okoli CE, Buba DM, ... Ogunniran TM (2021). Antimicrobial drug usage pattern in poultry farms in Nigeria: implications for food safety, public health and poultry disease management. Veterinaria Italiana 57(1):5-12. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.2117.11956.1
Nkrumah B, Nguah SB, Sarpong N, Dekker D, Idriss A, May J, Adu-Sarkodie Y (2011). Hemoglobin estimation by the HemoCue® portable hemoglobin photometer in a resource poor setting. BMC Clinical Pathology 11(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6890-11-5
NRC (2011). Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th Revised Edition. National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA.
Ooi LG, Liong MT (2020). Cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics: a review of in vivo and in vitro findings. International Journal of Molecular Science 11(6):2499-522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11062499
Okocha RC, Olatoye IO, Adedeji OB (2018). Food safety impacts of antimicrobial use and their residues in aquaculture. Public Health Review 39:1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0099-2
Oluwole OO, Omitogun GO (2016). Haematological traits of Nigerian indigenous pig and its hybrid (50% Large White × 50 NIP) at post weaning ages. American Journal of Molecular Biology 6:45-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2016.61005
Patil KR, Patil CR (2017). Antiinflammatory activity of bartogenic acid containing fraction of fruits of Barringtonia racemosa Roxb. in acute and chronic animal models of inflammation. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 7(1):86-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.001
Pošiváková T, Švajlenka J, Pošivák J, Pokorádi J, Hromada R, Korim P, Molnár L (2019). The influence of age on the activity of selected biochemical parameters of the mouflon (Ovis musimon L.). Animals (Basel) 9(5):242. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9050242
Sikandar A, Zaneb H, Younus M, Masood S, Aslam A, Khattak F, ... Rehman H (2017). Effect of sodium butyrate on performance, immune status, microarchitecture of small intestinal mucosa and lymphoid organs in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 30(5):690-699. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0824
Stevanović ZD, Bošnjak-Neumüller J, Pajić-Lijaković I., Raj J, Vasiljević M (2018). Essential oils as feed additives - future perspectives. Molecules 23(7):1717. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071717
Tang SGH, Sieo CC, Ramasamy K, Saad WZ, Wong HK, Ho YW (2017). Performance, biochemical and haematological responses, and relative organ weights of laying hens fed diets supplemented with prebiotic, probiotic and synbiotic. BMC Veterinary Research 13:245. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1160-y
Thornton PK (2010). Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 365(1554):2853-2867. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0134
Upadhaya SD, Kim SJ, Kim IH (2015). Effects of gel-based phytogenic feed supplement on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs. Journal of Applied Animal Research 44:384-389.
Yang C, Chowdhury MA, Huo Y, Gong J (2015). Phytogenic compounds as alternatives to in-feed antibiotics: potentials and challenges in application. Pathogens 4(1):137-156. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens4010137
Zhang WH, Jiang Y, Zhu QF, Gao F, Dai SF, Chen J, Zhou GH (2011). Sodium butyrate maintains growth performance by regulating the immune response in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 52:292-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2011.578121
Zhu A, Romero R, Petty HR (2011). An enzymatic colorimetric assay for glucose-6-phosphate. Analytical Biochemistry 419(2):266-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.037
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Papers published in Notulae Scientia Biologicae are Open-Access, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
© Articles by the authors; licensee SMTCT, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright/to retain publishing rights without restriction.
License:
Open Access Journal - the journal offers free, immediate, and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed research and scholarly work, due SMTCT supports to increase the visibility, accessibility and reputation of the researchers, regardless of geography and their budgets. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
.png)
