Structure and distribution of stomata and cystoliths in some species of Ficus L. (Moraceae) in Arunachal Pradesh, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55779/nsb14210925Keywords:
cystolith, Eastern Himalaya, Ficus, idioblast, stomataAbstract
The study deals with the distribution pattern and morphology of stomata and cystoliths in the leaves of six taxa of the genus Ficus of the family Moraceae in Arunachal Pradesh. All the plant species studied contained stomata and cystoliths, which vary in shape and size. Actinocytic stomata type was present in only one species (Ficus sp. 1). Anomocytic type in three, and paracytic in four species. Stomatal frequency calculation revealed that the highest frequency was reported in F. hispida and the lowest in F. rumphii. There is also an indication that semi-coriaceous and coriaceous glabrous leaved species of Ficus are linked to the stomatal characters. The results have shown the presence of stalks in all the cystoliths of various sizes. Different shapes such as star-shaped, bean-shaped, solitary, round, and oblong cystoliths are recorded during the study. The largest cystoliths were found in F. rumphii, where its spinous surface is quite distinct from all other species and can be recognized very easily. Cystoliths are found to occur on both sides of the epidermal layer in three species (F. religiosa, F. rumphii and Ficus sp.3) whereas, it was found in the upper epidermal layer in other species. Photographic details, along with a systematic key using the cystoliths characters were also established.
Metrics
References
Bercu R, Popoviciu DR (2014). Anatomical study of Ficus carica L. leaf. Annals of R.S.C.B. Xix(1):33-36. https://doi.org/10.Ann/Rscb-2014-0002:Rscb
Berg CC, Corner EJH (2005). Moraceae - Ficus. Flora Malesiana Series I (Seed Plants) 17:1-730.
Buragohain R, Gajurel PR, Rethy P, Singh B (2014.) Ficus geocarpa (Moraceae): A new record for India from Arunachal Pradesh. Rheedea 24(2):110-112.
Chantarasuwan B, Baas P, Heuven B J V, Baider C, Welzen PCV (2014). Leaf anatomy of Ficus subsection urostigma (Moraceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 175:259-281. https://watermark.silverchair.com.
Chaudhary LB, Sudhakar JV, Kumar A, Bajpai O, Tiwari R, Murthy GVS (2012). Synopsis of the genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) in India. Taiwania 57(2):193-216.
Choopan T, Grote P (2015). Cystoliths in the leaves of the genus Pseuderanthemum (Acanthaceae) in Thailand. NU. International Journal of Science 12(2):13-20.
Corner EJH (1965.) Check-list of Ficus in Asia and Australasia with keys to identification. Garden Bulletin Singapore 21:1-186.
Cronquist A (1988). The evolution and classification of flowering plants. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA.
Dilcher DL (1974). Approaches to the identification of angiosperm leaf remains. Botanical Review 40:1-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860067
Fatihah HNN, Nashriyah M, Zaimah ARN, Khairil M, Ali AM (2014). Leaf morphology and anatomy of 7 varieties of Ficus deltoidea (Moraceae). Turkish Journal of Botany 38:677-685. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1301-7
Fryns-Classeans E, Cotthem WV (1973). A new classification of the ontogenetic types of stomata. Botanical Review 39(1):71-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02860071
Gabel NH, Wise RR, Rogers GK (2021). Distribution of cystoliths in the leaves of Acanthaceae and its effect on leaf surface anatomy. Blumea 65(3):224-232. https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2021.65.03.07
Giri C, Zhu Z, Tieszen LL, Singh A, Gillette S, Kelmelis JA (2008). Mangrove forest distributions and dynamics (1975-2005) of the tsunami-affected region of Asia. Journal of Biogeography 35:519-528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01806.x
Guyot M (1971). Phylogenetic and systematic value of stomata of the Umbelliferae. In: Heywood VH (Ed). The Biology and Chemistry of the Umbelliferae. Academic Press, London, UK, pp 199-214.
Inamdar JA, Patel RC (1970). Structure and development of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Three species of Kalanchoe. Annals of Botany 34:965-974. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084428
Mauseth JD (1988). Plant anatomy. California: The Benjamin Cummings Publication Company Inc. pp 32-34.
Metcalfe CR, Chalk L (1950). Anatomy of Dicotyledons. Vol. I. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 724.
Metcalfe CR, Chalk L (1950). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, pp 1259-1271.
Metcalfe CR, Chalk L (1979). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. Vol. 1. (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 276.
Metcalfe CR, Chalk L (1983). Anatomy of Dicotyledons. Vol. II, 2nd. Edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 297.
Mohapatra A, Janarthanam MK (2020). Cystolith micromorphology in selected taxa of Ficus L. (Moraceae) in India and its taxonomic implications. Phytotaxa 436(2):167-181. https://Doi.Org/10.11646/Phytotaxa.436.2.6.
Narahayaan CS, Hiariej A, Riupassa PA (2022). Study of stomata characteristics of plantain and horn plants AAB genome. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 8(2):614-619. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i2.1382
Paliwal GS (1996). Structure and ontogeny of stomata in some Acanthaceae. Phytomorphology 16(4):527-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03053098
Pant DD, Banerji R (1965). Epidermal structures and development of stomata in some Convolvulaceae. Senck Biology 46:155-173.
Pant DD, Banerji R (1965). Structure and ontogeny of stomata in some Piperaceae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 59:223-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1965.tb00059.x
Pierantoni M, Paudel I, Rephael B, Tenne R, Brumfeld V, Slomka S, … Klein T (2020). Cystoliths in Ficus leaves: increasing carbon fixation in saturating light by light scattering off a mineral substrate. BioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.030999
Setoguchi H, Okazaki M, Suga S (1989). Calcification in higher plants with special reference to Cystoliths. In: Origin, Evolution, and Modern Aspects of Biomineralization in Plants and Animals. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6114-6_32
Solereder H (1908). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons: A Handbook for Laboratories of Pure and Applied Botany Systematic. Vol. 2, Clarendon Press, Scott, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1038/079211a0
Stace CA (1965). The significance of leaf epidermis in the taxonomy of Combretaceae I. A general review of the tribal, generic and specific characters. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 59:229-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1965.tb00060.x
Stebbins GL, Khush GS (1961). Variation in the organization of the stomatal complex in the leaf epidermis of monocotyledons and its bearing on their phylogeny. American Journal of Botany 48:51-59. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1961.tb11604.x
Ummu-Hani B, Noraini T (2013). The structure of cystoliths in selected taxa of the genus Ficus L. (Moraceae). In: Peninsular Malaysia. AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4858686
Van Cotthem WRJ (1970). A classification of stomatal types. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany 63:235-246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1970.tb02321.x
Van Greuning JV, Robbertse PJ, Grobbelaar N (1984). The taxonomic value of leaf anatomy in the genus Ficus. South Africa Journal of Botany 3(5):297-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4618(16)30018-3
Wu CC, Kuo-Huang LL (1997). Calcium crystals in the leaves of some species of Moraceae. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 38:97-104.

Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Papers published in Notulae Scientia Biologicae are Open-Access, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
© Articles by the authors; licensee SMTCT, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright/to retain publishing rights without restriction.
License:
Open Access Journal - the journal offers free, immediate, and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed research and scholarly work, due SMTCT supports to increase the visibility, accessibility and reputation of the researchers, regardless of geography and their budgets. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.